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Charles Dickens'
David Copperfield

The Personal History and Experience of David Copperfield the Younger

David Copperfield - Published in monthly parts May 1849 - Nov 1850

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Mr Micawber by Frank Reynolds 1923
Mr Micawber-by Frank Reynolds 1923
Charles Dickens' eighth novel, illustrated by Phiz, is a thinly disguised autobiography with many of the story lines mirroring Dickens' own life. Dickens' friend and first biographer, John Forster, wrote that "Dickens never stood so high in reputation as at the completion of Copperfield", and that in the novel Dickens had cast the suspicion "that underneath the fiction lay something of the author's life" (Forster, 1899, v. 2, p. 120).

In telling the story of the child David, Dickens displays the unique ability to make the reader see through the eyes of the child, capturing the very essence of childhood.

In his biography of Dickens, Edgar Johnson notes that "Few novelists have ever captured more poignantly the feeling of childhood, the brightness and magic and terror of the world as seen through the eyes of a child and colored by his dawning emotions" (Johnson, 1952, p. 677).

Norrie Epstein, in The Friendly Dickens, notes that by writing about his parents and reliving his childhood, Dickens triumphed over his past and would never again need to make a neglected child the central focus of a novel (Epstein, 1998, p. 229).

In the 1867 preface to the Charles Dickens Edition of David Copperfield Dickens, describing the books he had written as his children, said "...like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is David Copperfield."

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Plot

(contains spoilers)

David is born at Blunderstone in Suffolk, his father having died six months earlier. David's widowed mother draws the attention of Edward Murdstone, whom David dislikes. David goes to Yarmouth for two weeks with Peggotty, his mother's housekeeper, where he meets Mr Peggotty, Emily, Ham, and Mrs Gummidge. On his return home he finds that his mother has married Mr Murdstone, whose sister, Jane, moves into the household.

David and the Friendly Waiter - Phiz
David and the friendly waiter-by Phiz

David, under the oppression of the Murdstones, falls behind in his studies and is given a beating during which he bites Mr Murdstone. He is sent away to school at Salem House Academy near London run by the cruel Mr Creakle. Upon arrival at the school he is forced to wear a sign saying: Be careful of him, he bites. David befriends Steerforth and Traddles.

David learns that his mother and his baby step-brother, son of Mr Murdstone, have died and is removed from school. Peggotty marries Barkis and visits David regularly. Murdstone sends David to London to work in the Murdstone and Grinby warehouse. He takes lodging with the Micawbers. The insolvent Micawbers are continually being harassed by creditors until, finally, Mr Micawber is imprisoned for debt in the King's Bench Prison. After Micawber's release from debtor's prison, the family escapes to the country hoping that "something will turn up." David is miserable at Murdstone and Grinby's and decides to run away to Dover to throw himself on the mercy of his aunt, Betsey Trotwood.

David's aunt adopts him after contacting the Murdstones and verifying their treatment of him. David befriends Mr Dick, who lives with his aunt. Betsey sends David to Dr Strong's school in Canterbury where he lodges with Betsey's lawyer, Mr Wickfield, and his daughter Agnes. He meets Uriah Heep.

Tea with the Heeps - Phiz
David has tea with Uriah Heep and his mother

David meets the Micawbers again in Canterbury, where they have come to look for work, and introduces Mr Micawber to Uriah Heep. David finishes school and, trying to decide what to do with his life, journeys back to Yarmouth to visit Peggotty. He stops in London on the way and runs into Steerforth who joins him on the trip to Yarmouth. They visit Peggotty and Mr Peggotty who announces that Ham and Emily are to be married.

David decides to become a proctor in Doctor's Commons and is apprenticed to Spenlow and Jorkins. He takes lodging with Mrs Crupp in the Adelphi section of London. Agnes warns David against Steerforth and tells him that that Uriah Heep has weasled his way into a partnership with her father, capitalizing on Mr Wickfield's weaknesses. David falls in love with Spenlow's daughter Dora and finds that his old guardian, Jane Murdstone, is Dora's "confidential friend."

David runs into his old friend Traddles and visits him in Camdentown where he learns that Traddles is a boarder with the Micawbers, who are still trying to keep a step ahead of creditors.

Barkis is dying and David journeys to Yarmouth to be with Peggotty during this crisis. Steerforth secretly charms Emily away from Ham and they run away together, Mr Peggotty goes in search of her. Betsey Trotwood visits David in London and informs him that she has lost her fortune through bad business deals, she and Mr Dick move in with David. David goes to work for Dr. Strong, learning shorthand to try to earn money while still apprenticed at Doctor's Commons.

David and Traddles with Dora's Aunts-Phiz
David and Traddles visit Dora's aunts

David and Dora are engaged in secret. Miss Murdstone finds David's letters to Dora and she and Mr Spenlow confront David, telling him to forget about Dora. Mr Spenlow is then found dead, with no will, and Dora goes to live with two spinster aunts, Clarissa and Lavinia.

Mr Micawber is employed by Uriah Heep who has moved in with the Wickfields and has designs on Agnes, much to Mr Wickfield's agony. David, like Dickens, becomes a parliamentary reporter and begins to write and have his stories published. His success allows him to marry Dora.

David has his first book published and becomes a successful author. Dora has no grasp of housekeeping despite David's coaxing. She begins to deteriorate with an unspecified illness. With the help of Martha, Emily is found, and plans are made for her to emigrate with Mr Peggotty to Australia.

Micawbers Reunited-Phiz
Micawbers reunited

Mr Micawber is entangled in the designs of Uriah Heep and becomes estranged from his family. Finally he comes forward and with the help of Traddles, exposes Heep as a cheat and a fraud, responsible for the decline of Mr Wickfield and Betsey Trotwood's reverse of fortune.

Dora, on her deathbed, secretly asks Agnes to care for David. Betsey, her fortune restored, loans the Micawbers money to emigrate to Australia with Mr Peggotty and Emily. David travels to Yarmouth to deliver a message to Ham and witnesses a storm at sea in which Steerforth drowns and Ham dies trying to rescue him. Peggotty and Emily emigrate with the Micawbers unaware of the death of Ham.

David travels abroad for three years during which he finds that he has really loved Agnes all along. On his return to England he marries Agnes. Mr Peggotty and Emily prosper in Australia. Mr Micawber becomes a Magistrate in Port Middlebay. David and Agnes raise a family and David writes his autobiography.

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Complete List of Characters:

Character descriptions contain spoilers

Adams
Bailey, Captain
Barkis
Beadwood, Ned
Benjamin, Thomas
Blackboy, Mr
Bodgers
Charley
Chestle, Mr
Chillip, Mr
Clickett (The Orfling)
Copperfield, Clara
Copperfield, David
Copperfield, David Sr
Creakle, Mr
Creakle, Mrs
Creakle, Miss
Crewler, Caroline
Crewler, Reverend Horace
Crewler, Louisa
Crewler, Lucy
Crewler, Margaret
Crewler, Mrs
Crewler, Sarah
Crewler, Sophy
Crupp, Mrs
Dartle, Rosa
Demple, George
Dick, Mr
Dolloby, Mr
Emily
Endell, Martha
Fibbitson, Mrs
George
Grainger
Grayper, Mr and Mrs
Gregory
Gulpidge, Mr and Mrs
Gummidge, Mr
Gummidge, Mrs
Heep, Mr
Heep, Mrs
Heep, Uriah
Hopkins, Captain
Janet
Jones, Master
Joram, Joe
Joram
Joram, Minnie
Jorkins
Kidgerbury, Mrs
Kitt, Miss
Larkins, Miss (eldest)
Larkins, Miss (youngest)
Larkins, Mr
Littimer
Maldon, Jack
Markham
Markleham, Mrs
Mary Anne
Mell, Charles
Mell, Mrs
Micawber, Emma
Micawber, Master
Micawber, Miss
Micawber, Wilkins
Mills, Julia
Mills, Mr
Mithers and Lady Mithers
Mowcher, Miss
Murdstone, Edward
Murdstone, Jane
Nettingalls, Misses
Omer, Mr
Omer, Minnie
Paragon, Mary Anne
Passnidge, Mr
Peggotty, Clara
Peggotty, Daniel
Peggotty, Ham
Peggotty, Joe
Pidger, Mr
Potatoes, Mealy
Pyegrave, Charley
Quinion
Sharp, Mr
Shepherd, Miss
Spenlow, Clarissa
Spenlow, Dora
Spenlow, Francis
Spenlow, Lavinia
Spiker, Mr and Mrs Henry
Steerforth, James
Steerforth, Mrs
Strong, Annie
Strong, Doctor
Tiffey, Mr
Tipp
Tom
Traddles, Tommy
Topsawyer
Trotwood, Betsey
Tungay
Walker
Walker, Mick
Waterbrook, Mr
Waterbrook, Mrs
Wickfield, Agnes
Wickfield, Mr
William
William [2]
Yawler

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 David Copperfield
Further Information

David Copperfield Links:

Bartleby.com
SparkNotes - Excellent!
Wikipedia

David Copperfield locations outside London

Copperfield Map

Blunderstone - David's birthplace.
Canterbury - David attends Dr. Strong's school here, also the home of the Wickfields and the Heeps.
Chatham - On the way to see Aunt Betsey David passes through the town where Dickens lived as a child.
Dover - Home to David's aunt Betsey.
Lowestoft - David visits here with Mr. Murdstone.
Plymouth - The Micawbers travel here hoping something will turn up for Mr. Micawber in the Custom House.
Yarmouth - Seaside town, home to the Peggottys.


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Preface to the Charles Dickens Edition of David Copperfield

I remarked in the original Preface to this Book, that I did not find it easy to get sufficiently far away from it, in the first sensations of having finished it, to refer to it with the composure which this formal heading would seem to require. My interest in it was so recent and strong, and my mind was so divided between pleasure and regret-pleasure in the achievement of a long design, regret in the separation from many companions-that I was in danger of wearying the reader with personal confidences and private emotions. Besides which, all that I could have said of the Story to any purpose, I had endeavoured to say in it. It would concern the reader little, perhaps, to know how sorrowfully the pen is laid down at the close of a two-years' imaginative task; or how an Author feels as if he were dismissing some portion of himself into the shadowy world, when a crowd of the creatures of his brain are going from him for ever. Yet, I had nothing else to tell; unless, indeed, I were to confess (which might be of less moment still), that no one can ever believe this Narrative, in the reading, more than I believed it in the writing. So true are these avowals at the present day, that I can now only take the reader into one confidence more. Of all my books, I like this the best. It will be easily believed that I am a fond parent to every child of my fancy, and that no one can ever love that family as dearly as I love them. But, like many fond parents, I have in my heart of hearts a favourite child. And his name is DAVID COPPERFIELD.
--Charles Dickens 1867

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Charles Dickens' Autobiography

Dickens' Autobiography Charles Dickens began writing an autobiography in the late 1840s which he shared with his friend and future biographer, John Forster. Dickens found the writing too painful and burned what he had written. He opted instead to work his story into the fictional account of David Copperfield.

In the novel Dickens' painful memories of being taken from school to work at Warren's Blacking Factory while his father is in prison for debt are told through David's account of Murdstone and Grinby's warehouse. The financial troubles of the Micawbers, with whom David was boarding at the time, mirror Dickens' parents, John and Elizabeth Dickens, financial difficulties.

When David is asked by Mrs Micawber to take some of their treasured possessions to the pawn shop to help meet their obligations, Dickens is recalling painful memories of having to pawn off the very books he read and treasured as a child to ease his family's financial woes.

On Dickens' death Forster wrote The Life of Charles Dickens, which is still the definitive biography of Dickens, although many of the more negative aspects of Dickens life are glossed over or missing altogether. Forster's biography included the autobiographical fragment Dickens had given him. This was the first the public knew of Dickens' difficult childhood that had so heavily shaped his early work (Forster, 1899, v. 1, p. 22).

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MGM David Copperfield 1935

David Copperfield 1935
See exclusive London location photos
taken in June, 1934 in advance of filming the 1935 film dramatization of David Copperfield starring Freddie Bartholomew and W.C. Fields.

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Miss Mowcher

Miss Mowcher - by Harry Furniss Oops...
Charles Dickens originally introduced the character of the dwarf, Miss Mowcher, as an aid to Steerforth's plan to elope with Emily. Mrs Jane Seymour Hill, Dickens' wife Catherine's chiropodist, recognized herself as the original for this character and threatened a lawsuit . Dickens changed the character, in later monthly installments of the novel, to an honest friend who abhors Steerforth's actions. She later assists in the capture of Littimer (Slater, 2009, p. 301).

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Shorthand

Like Charles Dickens, David Copperfield teaches himself shorthand and becomes a parliamentary reporter. David laments on the difficulties encountered mastering this art:

"I bought an approved scheme of the noble art and mystery of stenography (which cost me ten and sixpence); and plunged into a sea of perplexity that brought me, in a few weeks, to the confines of distraction. Traddles makes speeches while David practices his shorthandThe changes that were rung upon dots, which in such a position meant such a thing, and in such another position something else, entirely different; the wonderful vagaries that were played by circles; the unaccountable consequences that resulted from marks like flies' legs; the tremendous effects of a curve in a wrong place; not only troubled my waking hours, but reappeared before me in my sleep" (David Copperfield, p. 545).

Dickens hints at his feelings for politics when David says of his parliamentary reporting:

"Britannia, that unfortunate female, is always before me, like a trussed fowl: skewered through and through with office-pens, and bound hand and foot with red tape. I am sufficiently behind the scenes to know the worth of political life. I am quite an Infidel about it, and shall never be converted" (David Copperfield, p. 626).

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Australia

During the writing of David Copperfield Charles Dickens was actively involved in the day-to-day operation of Urania Cottage, a home for homeless women, which he administered on behalf of his friend, philanthropist Angela Burdett Coutts. The home helped to separate homeless, and "fallen", women from previous lifestyles, educate them in the execution of household duties and self-discipline, and then help them emigrate to Australia to begin new lives.

In David Copperfield, Dickens has several of the major characters emigrate to Australia: the Micawbers, Mr. Peggotty, Emily, Martha, and Mr. Mell. Each of these characters are successful in beginning a new life in the English colony.

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Blundeston

Did Charles Dickens visit the birthplace of David Copperfield? Visit the modern Blundeston where the debate rages and David Copperfield lives on.


Pentonville Prison

Pentonville PrisonCharles Dickens lampoons "the separate system" used at the new Pentonville Prison, which opened in North London in 1842, by having David tour the prison. Dickens laments the fact that the prisoners are better fed than the poor, or even the common soldier (David Copperfield, p. 849-850).

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Mr Micawber's Favorite Punch

Mr Micawber's favorite punch

Juice ½ lemon
Pinch ground cinnamon
1 clove
1 teaspoon brown sugar
1 teaspoon honey
1 large measure sweet dark madeira
1 large measure dry gin
Grated nutmeg

Into a warm tumbler put the juice of half a lemon, the cinnamon and clove, and the sugar and honey. Threequarters fill the glass with boiling water, add the madeira and gin and stir with a stick of cinnamon, Grate nutmeg thereon and drink quickly (Dickens, 1988, p. 44).

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Charles Dickens' life during the serialization of David Copperfield

May 1849 - Nov 1850

Dickens' age: 37-38

May 1849

July 1849

Rents a summer home on the Isle of Wight for the family (Slater, 2009, p. 294).

August 1849

Bicentenary of the execution of Charles I, Mr Dick, in the novel, is obsessed with this beheaded monarch.

March 1850

Dickens' weekly magazine Household Words starts publication (Johnson, 1952, p. 704).

August 1850

Daughter Dora Annie, named for David Copperfield's wife, is born (Johnson, 1952, p. 710) (always sickly, Dora died in April 1851).

November 1850

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David Copperfield 2000 David Copperfield (2000)
Sally Field, Michael Richards



David Copperfield 1935 David Copperfield (1935)
W.C. Fields



David Copperfield 2000 David Copperfield (2000)
Bob Hoskins
Review



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Read Chapter 11

Chapter 11 of David Copperfield contains the fictionalized account of the autobiographical fragment that Dickens gave to Forster.

Read Chapter 41

Read a condensed version of David's visit to Dora's spinster aunts, a brilliant example of Dickens' comic genius.

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A Small Collection of Books

David Copperfield, like Charles Dickens himself, had a small cache of books that accompanied him in his lonely childhood and helped form his character.

Books

"My father had left a small collection of books in a little room upstairs, to which I had access (for it adjoined my own) and which nobody else in our house ever troubled. From that blessed little room, Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphrey Clinker, Tom Jones, the Vicar of Wakefield, Don Quixote, Gil Blas, and Robinson Crusoe, came out, a glorious host, to keep me company. They kept alive my fancy, and my hope of something beyond that place and time, - they, and the Arabian Nights, and the Tales of the Genii, - and did me no harm; for whatever harm was in some of them was not there for me; I knew nothing of it" (David Copperfield, p. 55).

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Twain: He pronounced Steerforth "St'yaw-futh"

Mark Twain saw Charles Dickens perform David Copperfield in January 1868 at the Steinway Hall in New York and was generally unimpressed with the reading. He described Dickens as "a tall, 'spry,' (if I may say it,) thin-legged old gentleman, gotten up regardless of expense, especially as to shirt-front and diamonds, with a bright red flower in his button-hole, gray beard and moustache, bald head, and with side hair brushed fiercely and tempestuously forward, as if its owner were sweeping down before a gale of wind."

"He pronounced Steerforth "St'yaw-futh." This will suggest to you that he is a little Englishy in his speech" (Twain, Alta California, Feb 5, 1868).

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The Personal History of David Copperfield (2019)

The Personal History of David Copperfield See the trailer

Lionsgate UK has graciously supplied me a screener of the 2019 adaptation of the book that Charles Dickens called his "favorite child."

The film is a fresh take on the timeless coming-of-age story with a firm nod to the original. I must admit that for someone who has read the book a half a dozen times, and seen every film adaptation multiple times, the ethnic diversity of the cast was a bit of a shock at first but in the end it just works. Dev Patel is excellent as David, Hugh Laurie as the curiously wise Mr Dick is priceless, and Ben Whishaw is sufficiently creepy as Uriah Heep.

I found myself missing Tommy Traddles (although he gets a tossed-off reference) and Barkis, but Micawber (Peter Capaldi) is here, in all his impecunious glory, and Aunt Betsey Trotwood is admirably played by Tilda Swinton. It was good to see Anna Maxwell Martin (Bleak House) again and David's love interests, the silly Dora (Morfydd Clark), and the longsuffering Agnes (Rosalind Eleazar), are both excellently cast. I particularly liked Dora's exit, as opposed to her rather inexplicable death in the book.

More information from IMDB

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